Since TCP is widely used today and the efficient integration of an ad hoc wireless network with the Internet is paramount wherever Extensions of TCP that provide improved performance across wired and single-hop wireless networks were discussed in Chapter 4. TCP in its traditional form was designed and optimized only for wired networks. In the network has been an important feature leading to graceful degradation of the services offered by the network at times of extreme congestion. Its elegant and simple design have not only contributed to the success of the Internet, but also have made TCP an influencing protocol in the design of many of the other protocols and applications. Its reliability, end-to-end congestion control mechanism, byte-stream transport mechanism, and, above all, It transports more than 90% percent of the traffic The transmission control protocol ( TCP) is the most predominant transport layer protocol in the Internet today. Learn More Buy 9.5 TCP OVER AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS Once the packet arrives at its destination, your friend's computer will strip the header and trailer off each packet and reassemble the e-mail based on the numbered sequence of the packets.Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols Routers in the network will look at the destination address in the header and compare it to their lookup table to find out where to send the packet. Here is what one of the four packets would contain:Įach packet's header will contain the proper protocols, the originating address (the IP address of your computer), the destination address (the IP address of the computer where you are sending the e-mail) and the packet number (1, 2, 3 or 4 since there are 4 packets). Three packets will contain 896 bits of payload and the fourth will have 812 bits. To break the 3,500 bits of message into packets, you will need four packets (divide 3,500 by 896). The header of each packet is 96 bits long and the trailer is 32 bits long, leaving 896 bits for the payload. The network you send it over uses fixed-length packets of 1,024 bits (1 kilobit). The e-mail is about 3,500 bits (3.5 kilobits) in size. Let's say that you send an e-mail to a friend. As an example, let's look at how an e-mail message might get broken into packets. But if the values do not match, the receiving device sends a request to the originating device to resend the packet. The receiving device adds up the 1s in the payload and compares the result to the value stored in the trailer. The result is stored as a hexadecimal value in the trailer. Here is how it works in certain computer networks: It takes the sum of all the 1s in the payload and adds them together. The most common error checking used in packets is Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). It may also have some type of error checking.

Trailer - The trailer, sometimes called the footer, typically contains a couple of bits that tell the receiving device that it has reached the end of the packet. If a packet is fixed-length, then the payload may be padded with blank information to make it the right size. This is the actual data that the packet is delivering to the destination.

Payload - Also called the body or data of a packet. Originating address (where the packet came from).Destination address (where the packet is going).Protocol (on networks that carry multiple types of information, the protocol defines what type of packet is being transmitted: e-mail, Web page, streaming video).Packet number (which packet this is in a sequence of packets).Synchronization (a few bits that help the packet match up to the network).Length of packet (some networks have fixed-length packets, while others rely on the header to contain this information).

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